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• From Local to Global SDI initiatives: a pyramid of building blocks
• ANZLIC Strategic Plan, 2000 - 2005, and Action Plan 2000-2002
• The Development of an Integrated Canadian Spatial Data Model and Implementation Concept, prepared for The Canadian Council on Geomatics (CCOG) by Geoplan Consultants, 1996
• Establishing the UK National Geospatial Data Framework Strategic Plan - 2000
• Seminario en linea: Infraestructura de datos espaciales (spanish)
• El Recetario IDE (The SDI Cookbook) - (Recetario para las Infraestructuras de Datos Espaciales) The SDI Cookbook. Version 1.1 (Mayo 2001) Editado por Douglas D. Nebert, Technical Working Group Chair, GSDI.
• GSDI Cookbook, Developing Spatial Data Infrastructures: The SDI Cookbook, Version 1.0 6 July 2000 - PDF Document
• Improving Federal Agency Geospatial Data Coordination (U.S.), May 31, 2000
• Practitioner's forum on institutional and organisational issues in increasing acesss to public sector information
• Geographic Information for the 21st Century: Building a Strategy for the Nation (NAPA report summary)
• Infraestructura Colombiana de Datos Espaciales Conceptos y Lineamientos desde la perspectiva del Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi (IGAC) (spanish)
• Definiciones y Experiencias (spanish)
• Getting Started - A business plan template
• Statewide GIS Coordination Plan (New York). Prepared for The Governor's Task Force on Information Resource Management, 1996
• The National Geospatial Data Framework: Setting the Research Agenda (1997)
• Guidelines for the establishment of the National Infrastructure for Land Information System (NaLIS) - (Malaysia)
• Implementation of the NaLIS (Malaysia)
• GIS Implementation in Developing Countries- A United Nations Perspective
• Transferability of the Qatar Enterprise GIS Model: Experience in Vietnam and Jamaica
• Philippines' National Geographic Information Infrastructure Framework Plan (2001-2005)
• Africa SDI strategy document - PDF document - HTML document
• Promoting The National Spatial Data Infrastructure Through Partnerships
• Institutional concerns and opportunities in LIS/GIS - Some experiences from South Africa (MacDevette1991).
• The transformation of NMAs from Government Departments to Independent Organizations: An Economic Overview (economic and legal aspects of geodata as public goods)
• Zambia NSDI Workshop and Background Materials, Spatial Knowledge Engineering, Inc., April 2001
• National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) - Strategy and action plan (India)
• Southern Africa SDI Workbook and Background Materials. Prepared by SKE, Inc. Summer 2001

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• GIS Law and Policy (Harlan Onsrud)
• Infrastructures for sharing geographic information among environmental agencies, John D. Evans (in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Information Systems in Planning, MIT)
• NSDI and GIS Policy References
• References | Distributed Geolibraries: Spatial Information Resources
• NSDI publications (EUROGI)

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• Information Rights and Information Policies in Latin America 65th IFLA Council and General Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, August 20-28, 1999
• Free Versus Fee: The Challenge Of Government Libraries In Uganda, 62nd IFLA General Conference - Conference Proceedings - August 25-31, 1996
• Information for Policy Formulation: Latin America and the Caribbean
• Role of Information in Social Policymaking: Latin America and the Caribbean
• Society Catching Up with the Technology: Assessing the Impact of Information and Telecommunications on Policy Formulation
• National Information Policies: a handbook on the formulation, approval, implementation and operation of National Information Policies (1997) - Executive Summary
• Commercial Space Act of 1998 (USA)
• UNESCO is facilitating the exchange of experiences on information policies and publication of policy guidelines.
• Information Policies and Strategies , Observatory on the Information Society
• The Intelligent Cities Report: the challenges and opportunities for sub-national governments in the global information economy
• El Derecho al Acceso Universal a la Información en el Siglo XXI - Los Desafíos Éticos, Jurídicos y Socioculturales de la Sociedad de Información para la América Latina y El Caribe, Río de Janeiro, 26 y 27 de octubre de 2000
• CFP'93 - Federal Information Policy, by James Love, Director
• Goals for Revising U.S.C. Title 44 to Enhance Public Access to Federal Government Information. Developed by the Inter-Association Working Group on Government Information Policy, May 1997
• NERC Data Policy Handbook
• Committee on Data for Science and Technology
• La Política Nacional de Información en Cuba

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• PCGIAP Draft Policy on Sharing Fundamental Data in Asia and the Pacific (Sept. 99)
• Regional Geographic Information Policy: Fact or Fiction - the case in Europe and lessons from GSDI (R.A. Longhorn)
• Canadian Geospatial Data Policy Stifles Productivity
• Policy Statement on Spatial Data Management (Australia), April 1999
• Coordinating geographic Data acquisition and access: the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (Presidential Executive Order No. 12906)
• Office of Management and Budget Circular A-16 (Revised), October l990, Coordination of Surveying, Mapping, and Related Spatial Data Activities
• Mapping Policy of India
• New Zealand Policy for national databases and collections
• Revised policy framework for national data bases and collections (New Zealand)
• Governor's Task Force on Information Resource Management Technology Policy - GIS Data Sharing (New York State)
• Draft NGIC Data Sharing Policy; Draft NGIC Geospatial data quality policy; Draft copyright policy on geospatial data; Draft marketing policy for geospatial data (Philippines)
• National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) Memorandum Order No. 01-93, April 15, 1993, for the creation of the Interagency Task Force on Geographic Information (IATFGI) (Philippines)
• Articles about Information/Technology Policy in India
• Availability and Accessibility of Geodetic Data in India
• Public Access to Geographic Data: Issues and Solutions
• Geographical data - do we have a fundamental right to access it?
• Executive Summary of the Final Report of the Canadian Geospatial Data Policy Study. The principal objectives of the Study were to describe and evaluate current government policies on the creation and distribution of government geospatial data holdings, and to examine the impacts of these policies on data users such as governments, the private sector, and society at large. (PDF Document - 136 KB)

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• Legal issues relating to GIS (public access, liability, privacy, GIS data as evidence, copyrights)
• Copyright information guide of Australia
• Proceedings for the Conference on Law and Information Policy for Spatial Databases
• Law and Information Policy for Spatial Databases: A Research Agenda
• Copyright, Licensing, and Cost Recovery for Geographic and Land Information System Data: A Legal, Economic and Policy Analysis (GeoAnalytics, Inc.)
• Questions & Answers About Map Copyrights

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• Public and Private Domains of Information: Defining the Legal Boundaries
• A Question of Balance: Private Rights and the Public Interest in Scientific and Technical Databases. Committee for a Study on Promoting Access to Scientific and Technical Data for the Public Interest, National Research Council
• Incentives and Disincentives Affecting the Availability and Use of Scientific and Technical Databases
• Access to and Protections for Databases: existing policies and approaches
• The Digital Dilemma: intellectual property in the information age
• History of Database Protection: legal issues of concern to the scientific community
• Links to papers on International Data Policy
• Datos personales, privacidad, tecnología y bases de datos (spanish)
• Practical and legal protection of computer databases
• Developments in International Legislation affecting the National Mapping Agencies (NMAs) - PDF Document
• The EU directive 96/9/EC of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases: Application of some aspects of the directive to geographic databases. PDF Document

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• Economics of Environmental Information Systems
• EIS News, December 1996. The economics of environmental information
• Economic rationalism in managing spatial data infrastructure - the Australian experience
• Economic aspects of the collection, dissemination and integration of government's geospatial information
• Analysis of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Implementations in State and County Governments of Montana (Final Report)
• Cost-Benefit Analysis for Geographic Information System Implementation Justification (Literature Review), Elaine Silva, March 4, 1998
• A Mechanism for Allocating the Expenses of Public Goods: Analyses of a Swedish Government Project by Der-Yuan Yang, University of California, August 1997, focussing on Census of Population data.
• A cost-benefit study for public information dissemination, produced for the Netherlands. Towards optimum availability of public sector information, published by the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, The Hague, April 26, 2000.
• A Study on Determination of Proper Service Level of National Spatial Data Infrastructure Using Activity-Based Approach
• A Framework for Evaluating Public Sector Geographic Information Systems (Kristine Kelly 1995)
• Summary of ANZLIC cost/benefit study done by Price Waterhouse study in Australia -- for a copy of the report, contact the ANZLIC Secretariat, anzlic@auslig.gov.au
• Economics of Environmental Information Systems (EIS - Africa)

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• Selling government information. A comparative perspective on UK and USA developments
• Is Cost Recovery Worthwhile? J.P. Johnson and H.J. Onsrud
• A Study on Value for Money Price and Quality of Geospatial Data: a synopsis of the Phase 1 Baseline Report (Version D1.1), 1998
• Achieving effective co-operation through commercialization, Bas Kok, Director Ravi, Netherlands Council for Geographic Information
• Commercialisation of Geographic Information in Europe
• Science database and collection issues - a scoping study (Finding out about science information, Infoglut, Access and pricing science information, funding databases and collections). Prepared for the Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, New Zealand
• Proceedings of the seminar 'Free accessibility of geo-information in the Netherlands, the United States and the European Community', October 1998
• Map Sales Policy, Center for GIS, Qatar
• Fees and royalities (Malaysia) - 1
• Fees and royalities (Malaysia) - 2
• MapBSR - National Mapping Agencies
• Purchasing Digital Map Data - Australia
• USGS prices for digital data
• USGS prices for satellite imagery
• Details on digital data products and mapping services provided by MassGIS, including information on how to obtain data
• INEGI - Products and services section
• INEGI - How to pay
• INEGI - Formas de pago (spanish)
• (Data Licensing) Griffith University Data License Agreement and Schedules
• The Tropical Rain Forest Information Center (TRFIC) Data and Pricing Policy
• The transformation of NMAs from Government Departments to Independent Organizations: An Economic Overview (economic and legal aspects of geodata as public goods)

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• International Cartographic Association Commission on Spatial Data Standards
• ISO/TC 211 Geographic information/Geomatics
• Desarrollo e implemenacion de un marco geodesico para El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, y Nicaragua, Noviembre 23, 1999   (spanish)
• ISO TC 211 - International Geographic Information Standards International Organization of Standards
• DGIWG - Digital Geographic Information Working Group - USA
• GSMC - Geospatial Standards Management Committee (NIMA) - USA
• Standards Committee of the Minnesota Governor's Council on Geographic Information - USA
• SDTS - Spatial Data Transfer Standard (USGS) - USA
• The OpenGIS Guide: Open Geodata Interoperability Specification (OGIS)
• Importance of Standards: Land Use Mapping in Indonesia, G. Bechtold, Consultant for Information Systems at BPN
• Standards Development (Biosphere Data Project)
• Positional Accuracy Handbook: Using the National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy to measure and report geographic data quality
• Positional Accuracy Standard FGDC-STD-007.3-1998
• NSDI Framework Transportation Identification Standard - FGDC, Ground Transportation Subcommittee : The FGDC Ground Transportation Subcommittee is sponsoring the development of a conceptual data model standard for identifying road segments as unique geo-spatial features that are independent of any cartographic or analytic network representation. These road segments will form the basis for maintenance of NSDI framework road data (through transactions and other means), and for establishing relationships between road segments and attribute data.
• Draft Aerial Photography Standard (ASPRS)
• SAIF Spatial Archive and Interchange Format (download)
• SQL Standards Home Page
• USGS National Mapping Program Standards : [NMP Standards Documents; Digital Elevation; Model Standards; Digital Line Graph Standards; Digital Orthophoto Standards; Digital Raster Graphic Standards; Metadata Standards; Miscellaneous Instructions; National Hydrography Dataset Standards; National Map Accuracy Standards; Other Map Series Standards; Preparation of Technical Instruction Standards; Primary Series Quadrangle Map Standards; Supplemental Technical Instructions]
• Guías de Información Geográfica -  (download) : Las Guías de Información Geográfica Digital son el conjunto de directrices, normas, reglas, guías y consideraciones básicas que se deben tener en cuenta para la adquisición, digitalización, recibo, control de calidad y uso de la información en formato digital y los términos técnicos de referencia para su contratación. (spanish)
• Comité Técnico de Normalización de Información Geográfica (Colombia) (spanish)
• Standards, Definitions and Conventions - Indonesia : Land Use Classification at BPN/PGT, Codes Others Than Land Use, Color Tables, File Names and Structures
• 1995 Draft Aerial Photography Standards have not been officially adopted by ASPRS and are published for general information purposes only. Questions and comments about the Draft Aerial Photography Standards are welcome; email them to ASPRS (asprs@asprs.org).
• Standards in Action: powerpoint presentations from different countries during an ISO TC 211 workshop on standards, Lisbon, Portugal, 7 March 2001

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• Preguntas más frecuentes sobre metadatos (y sus respuestas) (spanish)
• FGDC Metadata Workbook, Version 2.0
• Download the CSDGM Workbook Version 2.0
• Metadata Tutorials - 1
• Metadata Tutorials - 2
• Metadata Frequently Asked Questions
• Draft Content Standards for Cultural and Demographic Data Metadata (FGDC)
• Metadata: Defintiions and Tools (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
• Metadata for Geodetic Data (U.S. National Geodetic Survey)
• Metadata: Cataloging by Any Other Name
• Metadata presentation
• Sitio metadatos del Proyecto subvencionado por la CICYT y hospedado en RedIRIS
• User Guide for searching the CPACC Geospatial Data Clearinghouse. Prepared by Rajkumar Singh for the Centre for Geospatial Studies, UWI. November 2000 - PDF Document
• Metadata Workbook - Creating Metadata for the Geospatial Data Clearinghouse Mechanism using PC Metalite and Isite software. Prepared by Rajkumar Singh in support of CPACC and theEnvironmental Protection Agency in Guyana. - PDF Document

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• Defining Global Geospatial Data Infrastructure (GGDI): components, stakeholders and interfaces, D.J. Coleman and J. McLaughlin
• Implementing a global geospatial data infrastructure (GGDI). D.Rhind
• Strategic Initiatives for the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI), GSDI-3 Conference, 17-19 November 1998, Canberra, Australia. R A Longhorn, Advisor on GI to the European Commission, DG XIII/E (GI2000), Luxembourg

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• Digital Spatial Data: accessible, but for how long?
• Data Archival presentation

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• GIS as Social Practice: considerations for a developing country
• GIS and Society
• Dealing with Disaster. Latin American countries are hoping to use digital maps and National Spatial Data Infrastructures to manage natural resources and be better prepared for future hurricanes, floods and other disasters.

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• Spatial data quality for digital and non-digital geographic data
• Some Aspects of Accuracy in GIS
• Calidad de Información Geográfica, Infraestructura Colombiana de Datos Espaciales (spanish) : El objetivo de esta norma es proporcionar los conceptos básicos que permiten describir la calidad de los datos geográficos, disponibles en formato digital y análogo, y presentar un modelo conceptual que facilite el manejo de la información sobre la calidad de datos geográficos.
• CERCO, Aug. 2000, Handbook for implementing a quality management system in a national mapping agency
• Good Reasons for Implementing a Quality Management System in National Mapping Agencies
• Quality Evaluation in the Portuguese Institute for Cartography and Cadastre, Vanda Bica, May 2000
• Quality Management System and documentation for geographical information, Laure Dassonville, National Geographic Institute of France, June 1999
• Customer satisfaction, Paula Ahonen, Development Centre, National Land Survey of Finland (MML)
• Garbage In, Garbage Out -- Learn to Control GIS Data Quality (article on quality and database development)

• Economic Optimization of Quality for Geoinformation Products (Krek and Frank 1999)

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• Access to spatial data - what determines the willingness of organization to share it?
• Issues related to sharing and using geomatics data
• Draft Policy on Sharing Fundamental Data as at September 1999
• ANZLIC Guidelines for Custodianship : Custodianship is a key principle underpinning the ANZLIC vision for spatial data infrastructures. These Guidelines explain the principle of custodianship and set out the rights and responsibilities of custodians and users.
• Promoting a Free Access or Minimal Cost of Dissemination Arrangement for Government-Held Geographic Information Systems Data
• Assessment of Public Information Dissemination - June 2000 - March 2001". Comprehensive it provides links to .pdf and .html formatted reports, letters from and to politicians and US cabinet officials, Web sites, etc. covering
  details about public sector info dissemination from the US standpoint. Pagina web sobre acceso a información del sector público (inglés)
• Practitioner's forum on institutional and organizational issues in increasing access to public sector information (Methods for Access to Data and Metadata in Europe - MADAME)

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• DSC Data Sharing Agreement (Reliability Analysis Center Data Sharing Consortium)
• Data Sharing Agreement for Local Governments (New York State Office for Technology)
• Rhode Island Geographic Information System License Agreement
• License Agreement Illinois DNR GIS data
• Purchase agreement for digital data provided by the Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs
• GeoGratis : User Agreement for Digital Data (Canada)
• Russian Federation Data License Agreement
• ANZLIC Draft National Agreement on the Transfer of Land Related Data, September 1995

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• NSGIC/FGDC Framework Survey
• Questionnaire on Regional Fundamental Datasets (Permanent Committee on GIS Infrastructure for Asia and the Pacific) - being conducted by the Department of Geomatics, University of Melbourne (PDF File)
• Framework Data Sets for the NSDI, Steven M. Frank, Michael F. Goodchild, Harlan J. Onsrud, and Jeffrey K. Pinto, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis 1995

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• Financing the NSDI: Aligning Federal and Non-Federal Investments in Spatial Data, Decision Support and Information Resources, March 14, 2000
• Scoping the business case for SDI Development (PDF File)(236 Kb)

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• International Cartographic Association Commission on Maps and the Internet
• Trends in Internet Map Use. Proceedings of the 18th International Cartographic Conference 1997
• Trends in Internet Map Use A Second Look, Proceedings of the 19th International Cartographic Conference 1999.
• Making Web Maps Interactive (including a 'Tour of Maps on the Web')
• Multimedia, GIS, and the World Wide Web

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• Selected E-Business issues
• Banca, Comercio, Moneda Electronica y La Firma Digital
• Report on Electronic Commerce Legal Issues : This report reviews South African law, identifies areas that could constitute barriers to the development of electronic commerce, and suggests options to eliminate such barriers.